Does the income elasticity of road traffic depend on the source of income?

An extensive body of literature addresses the income elasticity of road traffic, in which income is typically treated as a homogenous quantity. Here we report evidence of heterogeneity in cross-sectional estimates of the elasticity of vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT) with respect to income, when household income is disaggregated on the basis of income source.The results are generally intuitive, and show that the cross-sectional income elasticity of road traffic is not homogeneous as is typically specified in transport planning models. We show that in a number of circumstances the cross-sectional elasticity with respect to aggregate household income is of the opposite sign in comparison to more refined estimates of elasticity disaggregated by income source. If further research confirms that the elasticities we report here are causal in nature, neglecting the elemental effects could result in misleading results affecting practical infrastructure-investment and policy decisions, particularly as the mix of income sources shifts (e.g. if, as society ages, pension income increases as a share of all income).These results are of interest to both researchers and forecasters of travel demand, as well as designers of future travel survey instruments; the latter group must decide how to generate data about respondents’ income. Current expert guidance is to collect a single estimate of aggregate income at the household level. Future travel survey design choices will bound the analyses that can be supported by the resulting survey data, and therefore methodological research to re-visit the trade-offs associated with such choices is warranted.     

Using the built environment to oversample walk,transit, and bicycle travel

Characteristics of the built environment (BE) have been associated with walk, transit, and bicycle travel. These BE characteristics can be used by transportation researchers to oversample households from areas where walk, transit, or bicycle travel is more likely, resulting in more observations of these uncommon travel behaviors. Little guidance, however, is available on the effectiveness of such built environment oversampling strategies. This article presents measures that can be used to assess the effectiveness of BE oversampling strategies and inform future efforts to oversample households with uncommon travel behaviors. The measures are sensitivity and specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and positive predictive value (PPV). To illustrate these measures, they were calculated for 10 BE-defined oversampling strata applied post-hoc to a Seattle area household travel survey. Strata with an average block size of <10 acres within a ¼ mile of household residences held the single greatest potential for oversampling households that walk, use transit, and/or bicycle.     

内河航道智能微型测量船的设计与应用研究

传统的航道水深测量方式，测量成本较高，而且，很多情况下，由于水浅等原因，较大的常规测量船不能到达，而难以测量．文中介绍了航道水深测量遥控测量船的设计原理和应用情况．遥控船上安装有测量系统，能够实现远程手动遥控测量和按预定航线自动导航测量．该船吃水浅、航速快、稳性好、遥控距离远，有2套动力系统，可远程自由切换，安全性高．2011年投入使用以来，取得了较好的效果．     

Enhancing stated preference surveys in transportation research: the contribution of geographic information systems

In this paper we argue that visualization, data management and computational capabilities of geographic information systems (GIS) can assist transportation stated preference research in capturing the contextual complexity of many transportation decision environments by providing respondents with maps and other spatial and non-spatial information in graphical form that enhance respondents' understanding of decision scenarios. We explore the multiple inherent contributions of GIS to transportation stated preference data collection and propose a framework for a GIS-based stated preference survey instrument. We also present the design concepts of two survey prototypes and their GIS implementation for a sample travel mode choice problem.     

Evolution of the household vehicle fleet: Anticipating fleet composition, PHEV adoption and GHG emissions in Austin, Texas

In today’s world of volatile fuel prices and climate concerns, there is little study on the relationship between vehicle ownership patterns and attitudes toward vehicle cost (including fuel prices and feebates) and vehicle technologies. This work provides new data on ownership decisions and owner preferences under various scenarios, coupled with calibrated models to microsimulate Austin’s personal-fleet evolution.Opinion survey results suggest that most Austinites (63%, population-corrected share) support a feebate policy to favor more fuel efficient vehicles. Top purchase criteria are price, type/class, and fuel economy. Most (56%) respondents also indicated that they would consider purchasing a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) if it were to cost $6000 more than its conventional, gasoline-powered counterpart. And many respond strongly to signals on the external (health and climate) costs of a vehicle’s emissions, more strongly than they respond to information on fuel cost savings.Twenty five-year simulations of Austin’s household vehicle fleet suggest that, under all scenarios modeled, Austin’s vehicle usage levels (measured in total vehicle miles traveled or VMT) are predicted to increase overall, along with average vehicle ownership levels (both per household and per capita). Under a feebate, HEVs, PHEVs and Smart Cars are estimated to represent 25% of the fleet’s VMT by simulation year 25; this scenario is predicted to raise total regional VMT slightly (just 2.32%, by simulation year 25), relative to the trend scenario, while reducing CO₂ emissions only slightly (by 5.62%, relative to trend). Doubling the trend-case gas price to $5/gallon is simulated to reduce the year-25 vehicle use levels by 24% and CO₂ emissions by 30% (relative to trend).Two- and three-vehicle households are simulated to be the highest adopters of HEVs and PHEVs across all scenarios. The combined share of vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and cross-over utility vehicles (CUVs) is lowest under the feebate scenario, at 35% (versus 47% in Austin’s current household fleet). Feebate-policy receipts are forecasted to exceed rebates in each simulation year.In the longer term, gas price dynamics, tax incentives, feebates and purchase prices along with new technologies, government-industry partnerships, and more accurate information on range and recharging times (which increase customer confidence in EV technologies) should have added effects on energy dependence and greenhouse gas emissions.     

基于结构方程模型的城市共享单车可持续发展条件研究

为规范已运营的共享单车服务,同时为尚未投放共享单车的城市提供决策依据,通过设计和发放李克特调查量表获取受访者对共享单车运营与管理的态度,采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析提炼受访者的潜在态度因子,建立表征潜在态度因子之间相关关系、潜在态度因子与调查题项之间相关关系的结构方程模型。模型估计结果表明,通过车辆停放管理和停放技术研发与应用等手段可提升人们规范停放共享单车的意识,而规范共享单车企业的运营行为可改善民众对共享单车的认知,建立共享单车企业品牌效应,提高共享单车企业的市场占有率。     

应急车辆延误情况调查及应对措施研究

因交通拥堵而造成的应急车辆救援延误导致悲剧事件频发。为了解应急车辆救援延误的情况并研究应对措施,以普通机动车驾驶者为对象进行问卷调查,针对驾驶者对应急车辆的认识和对应急车道的占用情况,驾驶者在驾驶过程中对应急车辆是否避让,以及避让方法进行调查。然后利用SPSS数据统计软件筛选出对驾驶者驾驶行为影响权重较大的特征变量,并基于Logistic模型建立了驾驶者特征与占用应急车道和避让应急车辆行为的模型。在此基础上提出相应的应对方案,利用Vissim仿真软件对解决方案进行仿真。结果显示:对有一定驾驶年龄并有本科以上学历的青壮年的驾驶行为对应急车辆延误有较大影响,且正确的避让方法能明显地减少应急车辆的行程时间。      

贯彻安全、环保、舒适、和谐新理念的广梧高速公路勘察设计

广梧高速公路双凤至平台段是粤西一条典型的山区高速公路,2004年初被确定为交通部和广东省联合公路勘察设计典型示范工程。项目设计组在广泛调查研究的基础上,提升安全至上的理念,注重环境保护和矿产资源保护,节约耕地,应用全寿命周期成本的理念进行方案比较分析,追求自然和谐的公路景观。     

公路工程施工测量控制方法与体会

测量工作是公路工程质量控制的重要环节之一,它既直接影响到路线、构筑物的定线和高程系统的控制,又影响到施工过程中施工放样的精度及操作便利性,同时也涉及业主和施工单位工程数量的计量、结算、处理索赔事件等直接的经济利益,是贯穿于整个施工过程的重要技术工作,必须引起足够的重视.